Comprehensive evaluation of the association between common drugs and psychiatric disorders using Mendelian randomisation and the real-world pharmacovigilance database

Chronic diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and lung disease, require prolonged medication. Many of the drugs used for these diseases have varying degrees of neurological side-effects, while some drugs may have potential protective effects for neuropsychiatric disorders.

Pre-marketing clinical trials of drugs often only assess short-term neuropsychiatric symptoms, leaving the long-term effects of drugs on brain structures and associated psychiatric conditions unrecognised.