Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Melanoma: Five-Year Survival Data

Neoadjuvant therapy—systemic treatment administered before surgery—has transformed the management of resectable, high-risk melanoma. Unlike adjuvant therapy, which is given after surgery, neoadjuvant treatment exposes the intact tumour and surrounding immune environment to therapy, potentially generating a stronger antitumour immune response.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly those targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), have demonstrated substantial clinical benefits. However, questions remain regarding optimal treatment combinations, long-term survival, the need for additional postoperative therapy and effectiveness in specific melanoma subgroups.