Artificial Intelligence in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Global Progress and Perspectives

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for approximately 5–20% of breast cancers and is characterised by aggressive behaviour, substantial biological heterogeneity and a relatively poor prognosis. These characteristics complicate treatment selection and prognostic assessment.

Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning and deep learning, offers opportunities to improve diagnosis, tumour classification and treatment response prediction.